| Coverage Policy Manual | |
| Policy #: | 2020028 |
| Category: | Medicine |
| Initiated: | December 2020 |
| Last Review: | March 2024 |
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| Vestibular Function Testing | |
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| Description: |
Vertigo
The vestibular system is an important component in balance control. It includes 5 end organs, 3 semicircular canals sensitive to head rotations, and 2 otolith organs (saccule, utricle) that sense gravity and straight-line (forward, backward, left, right, downward or upward) accelerations. Vertigo is the primary symptom of vestibular dysfunction. It can be experienced as illusory movements such as spinning, swaying, or tilting. Vertigo may be associated with a feeling of being pushed or pulled to the ground, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, or postural and gait instability. Vertigo may arise from damage or dysfunction of the vestibular labyrinth, vestibular nerve, or central vestibular structures in the brainstem.
Vertigo may be caused by loose particles (otoconia) from the otolith organs that pass into 1 of the semicircular canals, most frequently the posterior canal. Specific head movements cause the particle to stimulate the canal, causing brief benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
Diagnosis
Brief benign paroxysmal positional vertigo can usually be diagnosed clinically based on history of positional vertigo, response to the Dix-Hallpike maneuver or lateral roll tests, and resolution of symptoms with canal repositioning maneuvers.
If vertigo cannot be attributed to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo based on history, symptoms, or response to the standard maneuvers, a number of laboratory-based tests can be used to determine whether the vertigo is due to loss of vestibular function (Fife, 2000: Schubert, 2014). These tests are based on the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is an involuntary beating movement of the eyes (nystagmus) in response to vestibular stimulation. Nystagmus induced by these tests can help to distinguish between central and peripheral etiologies, in addition to determining whether the deficit is unilateral or bilateral. The typical tests include the electronystagmography (ENG) or videonystagmography (VNG) test batteries, caloric testing, and rotational chair testing.
Electronystagmography/Videonystagmography Test Batteries
The ENG/VNG test batteries include oculomotor evaluation and positional testing. ENG uses electrodes at the canthus of the eyes to detect nystagmus while VNG uses infrared video monitoring with goggles to measure nystagmus.
Caloric Testing
Caloric testing evaluates unilateral vestibular function. In the caloric test, warm or cold water or warm or cold air is introduced into each of the external ear canals. In some descriptions, caloric testing is conducted as part of ENG/VNG test batteries.
Rotational Chair Testing
Rotational chair testing evaluates bilateral vestibular function. Rotational chair devices include a lightproof booth, computer-driven chair with a head restraint that rotates around a vertical axis, ENG recording, an infrared camera, and a 2-way communication system. Typically, the chair is rotated in 4 different patterns, constant acceleration followed by deceleration, rotating followed by a rapid stop, rotating at progressively increasing velocities, and alternating directions.
Passive rotational testing without a rotational chair may be performed when the rotational chair is not available. For the head impulse test, the patient is instructed to keep his or her eyes on a target. The examiner then turns the head rapidly by about 15°. With passive whole-body testing, the examiner rotates the whole body to the rhythm of a metronome.
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing
Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) tests are newer techniques that use loud sound (eg, click, tone burst) or bone vibration (eg, tendon hammer tap to the forehead or mastoid) to assess otolith function (Halmagyi, 2014). Both the saccule and utricle are sensitive to sound as well as vibration and movement.
Cervical VEMPs are measured by surface electrodes on the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck and are thought to originate primarily in the saccule. Abnormality in any part of the auditory cervical VEMP pathway (saccule, inferior vestibular nerve, vestibular nucleus, medial vestibulospinal tract, the accessory nucleus, the eleventh nerve, sternocleidomastoid) can affect the response.
Ocular VEMPs detect subtle activity of an extraocular muscle using surface electrodes under the contralateral eye during an upward gaze and are thought to be due primarily to stimulation of the utricle. The vestibulo-ocular reflex stimulated by sound or vibration is very small, but synchronous bursts of activity of the extraocular muscles can be detected by electromyography. Lesions that affect the ocular VEMP may occur in the utricle, superior vestibular nerve, vestibular nucleus, and the crossed vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways.
Dynamic Posturography
Dynamic posturography may also be used to evaluate balance.
Treatment
The central vestibular system is able to compensate for loss of peripheral vestibular function. Thus, the primary therapy for peripheral vestibular dysfunction is exercise-based and includes exercises to promote gaze stability, habituate symptoms, and improve balance and gait (Hall, 2016). Medications such as vestibular suppressants or antiemetics may be used in the acute stage but are not recommended for chronic use. For patients who have recurrent symptoms uncontrolled by other methods, a surgical or ablative approach may be used. The objective of ablation is to stabilize the deficit to allow central compensation.
Regulatory Status
Vestibular analysis devices are currently regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the 510(k) pathway, under FDA product code LXV (FDA, 2021). The term “vestibular analysis devices” includes both diagnostic devices (eg, rotary chairs, multiaxial chairs) and therapeutic devices (eg, balance training and balance rehabilitation devices). Some devices indicated for diagnostic testing are included below.
Vestibular Analysis Devices Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
An example of equipment used for vestibular evoked myogenic potentials is the Bio-Logic Nav-Pro (Bio-logic Systems Corp), which in 2003 was cleared for marketing by the FDA through the 510(k) process (K994149) for use in the recording and displaying of human physiologic data, and for auditory screening and assisting in evaluation of auditory and hearing-related disorders using auditory brainstem responses recorded from electroencephalography electrodes placed on the scalp.
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Policy/ Coverage: |
Meets Primary Coverage Criteria Or Is Covered For Contracts Without Primary Coverage Criteria
Vestibular function testing using an electronystagmography and videonystagmography testing batteries, caloric testing, or rotational chair testing meets member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness when the following conditions have been met:
Does Not Meet Primary Coverage Criteria Or Is Investigational For Contracts Without Primary Coverage Criteria
Vestibular function testing for all other situations not described above does not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness.
For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, vestibular function testing for all other situations not described above is considered investigational. Investigational services are specific contract exclusions in most member benefit certificates of coverage.
Vestibular evoked myogenic potential tests do not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness.
For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, vestibular evoked myogenic potential tests are considered investigational. Investigational services are specific contract exclusions in most member benefit certificates of coverage.
Vestibular function testing for the assessment of typical benign paroxysmal positional vertigo that can be diagnosed clinically does not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness.
For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, vestibular function testing for the assessment of typical benign paroxysmal positional vertigo that can be diagnosed clinically is considered investigational. Investigational services are specific contract exclusions in most member benefit certificates of coverage.
Repeat vestibular function testing when treatment resolves symptoms does not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness.
For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, repeat vestibular function testing when treatment resolves symptoms is considered investigational. Investigational services are specific contract exclusions in most member benefit certificates of coverage.
All other laboratory-based vestibular function tests do not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness.
For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, all other laboratory-based vestibular function tests are considered investigational. Investigational services are specific contract exclusions in most member benefit certificates of coverage.
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| Rationale: |
Laboratory-based vestibular function testing is well-established and has a large evidence base. In a 2000 technology assessment, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) evaluated tests that stimulate the vestibular system (Fife, 2000). AAN included caloric irrigation and rotational chair testing as established as effective, with passive examiner-generated head rotation testing and active head rotation as probably effective but not yet fully accepted by expert consensus. AAN noted that quantitative vestibular testing is not always necessary, and a number of bedside methods can be used to evaluate nystagmus.
Suspected Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Electronystagmography and Videonystagmography Test Batteries
The purpose of electronystagmography (ENG) and videonystagmography (VNG) test batteries is to provide a diagnostic option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing tests, such as clinical diagnosis, in patients with a suspected vestibular disorder not clinically diagnosed as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
The basic ENG and VNG test batteries include a spontaneous nystagmus test that measures the ability of the eyes to maintain a fixed position, a positional nystagmus test that measures the ability of the eyes to maintain a static position when the head is in different positions, an optokinetic nystagmus test that measures nystagmus caused by viewing a series of targets moving to the right and then to the left, and an oscillating tracking test that evaluates patient ability to track a moving target. The basic ENG/VNG test batteries with these 4 tests are well-established for evaluating vestibular function in patients who have a suspected vestibular disorder. A 2000 technology assessment by AAN concluded there was strong evidence (level A) of the usefulness of ENG and VNG testing, based on results from prospective and retrospective studies, as well as from expert consensus.
Gofrit et al. assessed 135 patients with vestibular symptoms using physical exam, a specialized questionnaire (Dizziness Handicap Inventory), and ENG testing, which included caloric testing (Gofrit, 2017). The physical exam included spontaneous and gaze-evoked nystagmus, tandem and standard walk tests, head shake test, and Rombert maneuver, but excluded the Dix-Hallpike test. Among those with a normal physical exam, testing identified 40 (48.8%) patients with abnormal ENG results (p=0.46); conversely, among patients who had a normal ENG result, 17 (32.2%) had an abnormal physical exam. When severely disabled patients were selected by the Dizziness Handicap Inventory, these patients were equally as likely to have a normal (42.9%) ENG result as to have an abnormal (46.4%) ENG result. Physical examination excluded Dix-Hallpike test by necessity, and the authors noted this and the heterogeneous sample were study limitations.
Available evidence from controlled studies and expert consensus indicates that ENG/VNG is an appropriate test of vestibular function.
Caloric Testing
The purpose of caloric testing is to provide a diagnostic option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing tests, such as clinical diagnosis, in patients with a suspected vestibular disorder not clinically diagnosed as BPPV.
Caloric testing is the most widely used vestibular function test and is considered the criterion standard for detecting unilateral vestibular loss (Fife, 2000; Schubert, 2014). When warm or cold water or air is introduced into 1 of the external ear canals, the temperature change is transmitted through the middle ear and bone, causing a thermal gradient in the semicircular canal and resulting in nystagmus. Cold water will cause a movement response of the eye opposite to the stimulation, while warm water will induce nystagmus in the direction of the ear being stimulated. These eye movements can be measured by electrodes at the canthus or by video monitoring. An asymmetrical response after stimulating both ears indicates unilateral vestibular dysfunction. The 2000 AAN technology assessment concluded there was level A evidence supporting the use of caloric testing.
Rotational Chair Testing
The purpose of rotational chair testing is to provide a diagnostic option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing tests, such as clinical diagnosis, in patients with a suspected vestibular disorder not clinically diagnosed as BPPV paroxysmal positional vertigo.
Rotational chair testing is considered the criterion standard for detecting bilateral vestibular loss (Fife, 2000: Schubert, 2014). Rotational chair devices include a lightproof booth, a computer-driven chair with a head restraint that rotates around a vertical axis, ENG recording, an infrared camera, and a 2-way communication system. Typically, the chair is rotated in 4 different patterns, constant acceleration followed by deceleration, rotation followed by a rapid stop, rotation at progressively increasing velocities, and alternating directions. Each pattern is repeated in both directions several times, and the accompanying post-rotation nystagmus, including parameters of gain, phase, and symmetry, is measured and averaged. Although traditionally used to detect bilateral vestibular loss, this battery can identify a unilateral vestibular deficit and identify the site of the lesion. The 2000 AAN technology assessment concluded there was level A evidence supporting the usefulness of rotational chair testing.
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing
The purpose of vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing is to provide a diagnostic option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing tests, such as clinical diagnosis, in patients with a suspected vestibular disorder not clinically diagnosed as BPPV.
VEMP tests use sound or vibration to stimulate the otolith organs. Cervical VEMP (cVEMP) measures evoked electrical potentials in the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle following stimulation of the saccule, while ocular VEMP (oVEMP) measures electrical potentials in the extraocular muscles contralateral to the utricle.
There is a large and rapidly growing literature on VEMPs for the assessment of otolith function, although most studies assess how cVEMP and oVEMP change with various disease states. VEMPs have been evaluated in superior canal dehiscence, vestibular neuritis,BPPV), vestibular schwannoma, Meniere disease, vestibular migraine, and central vestibular disorders (Weber, 2015).
There are a number of concerns about using VEMPs to assess the otolith organs. One issue is that sound and bone conduction stimuli are likely to influence senses other than the saccule and utricle, and stimulation of structures other than the utricle can affect the VEMP. In addition, VEMP responses have been shown to decrease with age, with a high rate of absent responses in normal older adults (Welgampola, 2001). Another is that latency and amplitude measures are very sensitive to variables that can be introduced by the examiner, as observed in a 2016 study that included 1038 patients whose ailments included vestibular migraine or neuritis, BPPV, somatoform, phobic postural vertigo, unilateral or bilateral vestibulopathy, Meniere disease, downbeat nystagmus syndrome, and other diagnoses (Ertl, 2016). The authors observed significant differences between examiners for measures of oVEMP and cVEMP latencies, concluding that the field should “work on a better standard for VEMP recordings.”
A cohort study compared cVEMP and oVEMP testing in 39 individuals who had known superior semicircular canal dehiscence, with a control cohort of 84 age-matched symptom-free individuals (Hunter, 2017). Primary endpoints included peak-to-peak amplitudes of the 2 treatments and sensitivity and specificity. The authors observed that between cVEMP and oVEMP, cVEMP peak amplitudes (>214.3 μV) were less effective overall for diagnosis of semicircular canal dehiscence (area under the curve, 0.731). At the 2 treatment centers from which patients were drawn, oVEMP amplitudes and cVEMP thresholds proved to be the superior tests (overall area under the curve scores, 0.856 and 0.912, respectively). For patients between 50 and 60 years of age, testing cVEMP threshold (<75 decibels) provided sensitivity of 100%, as well as good specificity (92.9%). Overall, findings suggested superiority of cVEMP thresholds or oVEMP amplitudes over measurement of cVEMP amplitudes.
The available evidence has indicated that the use of VEMP tests to evaluate suspected vestibular disorders is at a very early stage of development. Standardization of procedures and studies on the diagnostic accuracy of these procedures in the appropriate populations are needed.
Diagnosed Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Laboratory-Based Vestibular Function Testing
The purpose of laboratory-based vestibular function testing is to provide a diagnostic option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing tests, such as clinical diagnosis, in patients with a diagnosed benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
BPPV with a typical presentation is usually diagnosed clinically with a combination of a history of periods of brief positional vertigo, recurrence of symptoms with the Dix-Hallpike maneuver or lateral roll procedures, and/or alleviation of symptoms after canal repositioning maneuver. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver is the criterion standard for the diagnosis of posterior canal BPPV, limiting evaluation of its performance characteristics (Halker, 2008; Bhattacharyya, 2008). The 2008 practice guidelines from the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery gave a strong recommendation for the diagnosis of BPPV of the posterior canal when vertigo associated with nystagmus has been provoked by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver (Bhattacharyya, 2008). If the Dix-Hallpike maneuver is negative, but the history is consistent with BPPV, a lateral roll test can be used to assess BPPV of the horizontal canal. In the event that both the Dix-Hallpike maneuver and lateral roll tests are negative, alleviation of symptoms with the canal repositioning maneuver supports a diagnosis of BPPV. The Academy has recommended against vestibular testing in patients who meet clinical criteria for the diagnosis of BPPV (Bhattacharyya, 2008). They cited the weak nature of the evidence, which included expert opinion, case reports, and reason from first principles, as the basis for its recommendation. The AAN came to a similar conclusion in its 2017 practice guidelines, citing insufficient (level C) evidence to recommend vestibular testing for BPPV patients (Fife, 2017). If the clinical presentation is atypical, if Dix-Hallpike testing elicits equivocal or unusual nystagmus findings, if symptoms do not resolve following treatment, or if there are additional symptoms or signs, vestibular function testing may be indicated.
There is sufficient evidence to suggest that laboratory-based vestibular function testing is not indicated in patients who are diagnosed with BPPV.
Undiagnosed Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
For individuals who have a suspected vestibular disorder not clinically diagnosed as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) who receive electronystagmography/videonystagmography test batteries, caloric testing, or rotational chair testing, the evidence includes technology assessments of a large body of literature. Relevant outcomes are test accuracy, symptoms, functional outcomes, and quality of life. Based on review of controlled studies, caloric testing was given a level A recommendation that this test is predictive of loss of vestibular function. Based on a prospective study assessing a narrow spectrum of patients with the suspected vestibular dysfunction and a well-designed retrospective study, which included a criterion standard test, rotational chair testing was also given a level A recommendation. These tests are both considered criterion standard tests of vestibular function. electronystagmography/ videonystagmography test batteries, which may include caloric testing, are also established methods of assessing loss of vestibular function. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome.
For individuals who have a suspected vestibular disorder not clinically diagnosed as BPPV who receive VEMP testing, the evidence includes mainly association studies. Relevant outcomes are test accuracy, symptoms, functional outcomes, and quality of life. There is a large and rapidly growing literature on VEMP tests for the assessment of otolith function, although most studies have assessed how the cervical VEMP and ocular VEMP change with various disease states. Studies on diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of this technique for evaluating otolith organs and central pathways are needed in the appropriate populations. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
Diagnosed Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
For individuals who have clinically diagnosed BPPV with typical presentation who receive laboratory-based vestibular function testing, the evidence includes technology assessments and practice guidelines. Relevant outcomes are test accuracy, symptoms, functional outcomes, and quality of life. BPPV with a typical presentation can be diagnosed clinically based on history, the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, lateral roll test, and canalith repositioning procedures; thus, laboratory-based vestibular function testing does not add diagnostic information in such routine cases. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology is unlikely to improve the net health outcome.
Practice Guidelines and Position Statements
American Academy of Neurology
In 2000, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published a technology assessment on vestibular testing techniques in adults and children (Fife, 2000). The assessment compared various vestibular testing techniques. Caloric testing (ENG or infrared VNG) and rotational chair testing (computer-driven chair rotations received a strength A (established as useful or predictive) and Quality class II (Evidence provided by a prospective study of a narrow spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, or a well-designed retrospective study of a broad spectrum of persons with an established condition [by "gold standard"] compared with a broad spectrum of control subjects, in which the test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate measures of diagnostic accuracy), class III (Evidence provided by a retrospective study, in which either persons with the established condition or control subjects are of a narrow spectrum, and in which the test is applied in a blinded evaluation), Class IV (Any design in which the test is not applied in a blinded evaluation, OR evidence is provided by the expert opinion alone or in descriptive case series [without control subjects]), and expert consensus. Passive examiner-generated head rotation testing and active head rotation (self-generated head turns) received Strength: B (probably useful or predictive by expert consensus); Quality: class II, not yet fully accepted. Clinical head-shaking test, vibration-induced nystagmus test, and clinical head thrust sign are considered Quality Class III.
The 2017 practice guidelines from AAN assessed the diagnostic value of vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing in individuals with vestibular symptoms (Fife, 2017). The conditions of interest included superior canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular neuritis or migraine, Meniere disease, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The evidence for testing in BPPV was drawn from 2 class III studies, neither of which presented sufficient diagnostic value of vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing for the treatment to be recommended (level C evidence).
American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
In 2008, the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) published practice guidelines on BPPV (Bhattacharyya, 2008). The guidelines were endorsed by AAN and the American Academy of Family Physicians. The panel made strong recommendations for the diagnosis of BPPV when vertigo associated with nystagmus is provoked by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver. The panel recommended against vestibular testing, unless the diagnosis is uncertain or there are additional symptoms or signs unrelated to BPPV that warrant testing.
In 2017, the AAO-HNS updated its guidelines on BPPV, retaining the recommendation for the diagnosis of BPPV if a Dix-Hallpike maneuver elicits vertigo associated with nystagmus (Bhattacharyya, 2017). The panel recommended a canalith repositioning procedure as treatment for posterior canal BPPV, although subsequent postprocedural postural restrictions were strongly warned against. Patients with symptoms similar to BPPV but for whom the Dix-Hallpike does not evoke nystagmus should be subjected to a supine roll test. Potential diagnoses of BPPV should be distinguished from confounding factors, and patients should have regular reassessment and follow-up. The panel did not recommend radiographic imaging, vestibular testing, or vestibular suppressant medications as treatment for BPPV, although disease management options for caregivers include vestibular rehabilitation and/or observation.
American Academy of Audiology
The 2009 American Academy of Audiology has a position statement on the audiologist’s role in the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular disorders (AAA, 2019). Citing a 2009 scope of practice report, the Academy stated that "An audiologist is a person who, by virtue of academic degree, clinical training, and license to practice and/or professional credential, is uniquely qualified to provide a comprehensive array of professional services related to the prevention of hearing loss and the audiologic identification, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of persons with impairment of auditory and vestibular function, and to the prevention of impairments associated with them" (AAA, 2004). Evaluations of vestibular and extravestibular systems may include:
Vestibular treatment and therapy protocols that fall within the scope of practice are also described. The Academy considers vestibular function testing following treatment to be an essential part of the clinical practice.
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
A 2014 expert consensus document on cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential methods from the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology has stated that the clinical use of vestibular evoked myogenic potential “is evolving and questions still exist about its physiology and measurement” (Papathanasiou, 2014).
Ongoing and Unpublished Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trial NCT02483429a Acute-Video-oculography for Vertigo in Emergency Rooms for Rapid Triage (AVERT)
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
Not applicable.
Medicare National Coverage
There is no national coverage determination. In the absence of a national coverage determination, coverage decisions are left to the discretion of local Medicare carriers.
2021 Update
Annual policy review completed with a literature search using the MEDLINE database through November 2021. No new literature was identified that would prompt a change in the coverage statement. The key identified literature is summarized below.
A cohort study by Verrecchia et al evaluated oVEMP testing in individuals experiencing dizziness (Verrecchia, 2019). The study included 10 patients diagnosed with superior canal dehiscence syndrome and 135 individuals with dizziness that was not already diagnosed as superior canal dehiscence syndrome. The study included 4 oVEMP parameters (amplitude, latency, amplitude asymmetry ratio, and interaural latency difference). Of the parameters, the amplitude to air-conducted stimulation had the greatest diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve score, 0.96). A cutoff point of 16.7 μV resulted in a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 89%.
2022 Update
Annual policy review completed with a literature search using the MEDLINE database through November 2022. No new literature was identified that would prompt a change in the coverage statement.
2023 Update
Annual policy review completed with a literature search using the MEDLINE database through November 2023. No new literature was identified that would prompt a change in the coverage statement.
2024 Update
Annual policy review completed with a literature search using the MEDLINE database through February 2024. No new literature was identified that would prompt a change in the coverage statement.
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| References: |
American Academy of Audiology.(2004) Scope of practice. Audiol Today. 2004;15(3):44-45. American Academy or Audiology.(2019) Position statement on the audiologist's role in the diagnosis & treatment of vestibular disorders. https://www.audiology.org/publications-resources/document-library/position-statement-audiologists-role-diagnosis-treatment. Accessed December 9, 2019. Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, et al.(2008) Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Nov 2008;139(5 Suppl 4):S47-81. PMID 18973840 Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al.(2017) Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Mar 2017;156(3_suppl):S1-S47. PMID 28248609 Ertl M, Boegle R, Kirsch V, et al.(2016) On the impact of examiners on latencies and amplitudes in cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials evaluated over a large sample (N = 1,038). Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. Feb 2016;273(2):317-323. PMID 25628238 Fife TD, Colebatch JG, Kerber KA, et al.(2017) Practice guideline: Cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. Nov 28 2017;89(22):2288-2296. PMID 29093067 Fife TD, Tusa RJ, Furman JM, et al.(2000) Assessment: vestibular testing techniques in adults and children: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. Nov 28 2000;55(10):1431-1441. PMID 11094095 Gofrit SG, Mayler Y, Eliashar R, et al.(2017) The association between vestibular physical examination, vertigo questionnaires, and the electronystagmography in patients with vestibular symptoms. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Apr 2017;126(4):315-321. PMID 28290231 Halker RB, Barrs DM, Wellik KE, et al.(2008) Establishing a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo through the dix-hallpike and side-lying maneuvers: a critically appraised topic. Neurologist. May 2008;14(3):201-204. PMID 18469678 Hall CD, Herdman SJ, Whitney SL, et al.(2016) Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline: From the American Physical Therapy Association Neurology Section. J Neurol Phys Ther. Apr 2016;40(2):124-155. PMID 26913496 Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS.(2014) Otolith function tests. In: Herdman SJ, Clendaniel RA, eds. Vestibular Rehabilitation. Vol Contemporary Perspectives in Rehabilitation: F.A. Davis; 2014:195-225. Hunter JB, Patel NS, O'Connell BP, et al.(2017) Cervical and ocular VEMP testing in diagnosing superior semicircular canal dehiscence. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. May 2017;156(5):917-923. PMID 28168887 Papathanasiou ES, Murofushi T, Akin FW, et al.(2014) International guidelines for the clinical application of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: an expert consensus report. Clin Neurophysiol. Apr 2014;125(4):658-666. PMID 24513390 Schubert MC.(2014) Vestibular function tests. In: Herdman SJ, Clendaniel RA, eds. Vestibular Rehabilitation. Vol Contemporary Perspectives in Rehabilitation: F.A. Davis; 2014:178-194. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).(2021) 510(k) Premarket Notification. US Department of Health and Human Services website. Accessed January 8, 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm Verrecchia L, Brantberg K, Tawfique Z, et al.(2019) Diagnostic Accuracy of Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials for Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome in a Large Cohort of Dizzy Patients. Ear Hear. Mar/Apr 2019; 40(2): 287-294. PMID 29889159 Weber KP, Rosengren SM.(2015) Clinical utility of ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs). Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. May 2015;15(5):22. PMID 25773001 Welgampola MS, Colebatch JG.(2001) Vestibulocollic reflexes: normal values and the effect of age. Clin Neurophysiol. Nov 2001;112(11):1971-1979. PMID 11682335 |
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Group specific policy will supersede this policy when applicable. This policy does not apply to the Wal-Mart Associates Group Health Plan participants or to the Tyson Group Health Plan participants.
CPT Codes Copyright © 2024 American Medical Association. |
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