| Coverage Policy Manual | |
| Policy #: | 2021032 |
| Category: | Pharmacy |
| Initiated: | September 2021 |
| Last Review: | June 2024 |
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| Lumasiran (e.g., Oxlumo) | |
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| Description: |
Primary hyperoxalurias are a group of rare genetic diseases. There are 3 subtypes each resulting in the overproduction of oxalate by the liver. Type 1 is the most common type, which accounts for approximately 80% of cases and occurs as a result of a genetic defect in the alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT) gene that encodes the enzyme alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase. Defect in the enzyme results in overproduction of oxalate, which leads to deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys and urinary tract. The result is the formation of painful and recurrent nephrolithiasis (renal stones), nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure. Compromised renal function exacerbates the disease as the excess oxalate can no longer be effectively excreted, resulting in subsequent accumulation and crystallization in bones, eyes, skin, and heart, leading to severe illness and death. Lumasiran is a subcutaneously administered RNAi therapeutic that silences the HAO1 gene, which encodes for a glycolate oxidase enzyme. By silencing the HAO1 gene, levels of glycolate oxidase are depleted decreasing production of oxalate; the metabolite that directly contributes to the pathophysiology of primary hyperoxaluria type 1.
Regulatory Status
On November 23, 2020, lumasiran (e.g., Oxlumo) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 to lower urinary oxalate levels in pediatric and adult patients.
Coding
See CPT/HCPCS Code section below.
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Policy/ Coverage: |
Effective September 15, 2021, Prior Approval is required for Lumasiran.
The initial use of this drug requires documentation of direct physician involvement and signature in the ordering and evaluation as documented in the medical records submitted for prior approval. Concurrent review will require continued evidence of appropriate physician involvement.
The Step Therapy Medication Act is applicable to fully-insured (Arkansas Blue Cross, Health Advantage, and Exchange) and specified governmental (ASE/PSE and ASP) health plans. The law is not applicable to FEP or self-insured ERISA groups (including but not limited to Walmart or other Blue Advantage groups). Initial approval for exigent request is 28 days. Otherwise, initial approval for standard review is up to 1 year.
Effective November 1, 2023
Meets Primary Coverage Criteria Or Is Covered For Contracts Without Primary Coverage Criteria
INITIAL APPROVAL STANDARD REVIEW for up to 6 months
Lumasiran meets member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness in improving health outcomes for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 when ALL the following are met:
Continuation of Treatment (Incremental reauthorization for lumasiran for 1 year):
Dosage and Administration
Dosing per FDA Guidelines
The recommended dose of lumasiran is weight-based and given as a subcutaneous injection. All maintenance doses begin 1 month after the last loading dose.
Please refer to a separate policy on Site of Care or Site of Service Review (policy #2018030) for pharmacologic/biologic medications.
Does Not Meet Primary Coverage Criteria Or Is Investigational For Contracts Without Primary Coverage Criteria
Lumasiran, for any indication or circumstance not described above. does not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness in improving health outcomes.
For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, Lumasiran, for any indication or circumstance not described above, is considered investigational. Investigational services are specific contract exclusions in most member benefit certificates of coverage.
Effective prior to November 1, 2023
Meets Primary Coverage Criteria Or Is Covered For Contracts Without Primary Coverage Criteria
The use of Lumasiran meets member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness in improving health outcomes for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 when ALL of the following are met:
INITIAL APPROVAL STANDARD REVIEW for up to 6 months:
Continuation of Treatment (Incremental reauthorization for lumasiran for 1 year):
Dosage and Administration
Dosing per FDA Guidelines
The recommended dose of lumasiran is weight-based and given as a subcutaneous injection. All maintenance doses begin 1 month after the last loading dose.
Please refer to a separate policy on Site of Care or Site of Service Review (policy #2018030) for pharmacologic/biologic medications.
Does Not Meet Primary Coverage Criteria Or Is Investigational For Contracts Without Primary Coverage Criteria
The use of Lumasiran does not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness in improving health outcomes for the treatment of any indication or circumstance other than those outlined above.
For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, the use of Lumasiran is considered investigational.
Investigational services are specific contract exclusions in most member benefit certificates of coverage.
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| Rationale: |
This evidence review was created in April 2021 with searches of the PubMed database. The most recent literature update was performed through April 8, 2021.
Evidence reviews assess the clinical evidence to determine whether the use of a technology improves the net health outcome. Broadly defined, health outcomes are length of life, quality of life, and ability to function, including benefits and harms. Every clinical condition has specific outcomes that are important to patients and to managing the course of that condition. Validated outcome measures are necessary to ascertain whether a condition improves or worsens; and whether the magnitude of that change is clinically significant. The net health outcome is a balance of benefits and harms.
To assess whether the evidence is sufficient to draw conclusions about the net health outcome of a technology, 2 domains are examined: the relevance and the quality and credibility. To be relevant, studies must represent 1 or more intended clinical use of the technology in the intended population and compare an effective and appropriate alternative at a comparable intensity. For some conditions, the alternative will be supportive care or surveillance. The quality and credibility of the evidence depend on study design and conduct, minimizing bias and confounding that can generate incorrect findings. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is preferred to assess efficacy; however, in some circumstances, nonrandomized studies may be adequate. Randomized controlled trials are rarely large enough or long enough to capture less common adverse events and long-term effects. Other types of studies can be used for these purposes and to assess generalizability to broader clinical populations and settings of clinical practice.
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of lumasiran in individuals who have primary hyperoxaluria type 1 is to provide a treatment option that is an improvement on existing therapies. Potential benefits of this therapy may include the following:
The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does treatment with lumasiran improve the net health outcome in individuals with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 with preserved renal function?
The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.
Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 with preserved renal function.
Interventions
The therapy being considered is lumasiran, a RNA interference (RNAi) therapy. It silences the HAO1 gene that encodes for the enzyme glycolate oxidase. Decreased production of glycolate oxidase reduces hepatic oxalate production. Treatment is administered in an outpatient setting. The recommended dose of lumasiran is weight-based and given as a subcutaneous injection. All maintenance doses begin 1 month after the last loading dose.
Comparators
The following therapies are currently being used to manage individuals with primary hyperoxaluria type 1.
The initial medical management approaches, which are aimed to delay progressive renal decline, include use of pyridoxine, calcium oxalate crystallization inhibitors, hyperhydration, and dietary restrictions. As the disease progresses, individuals may require interventions for renal stone removal, dialysis, and renal/liver transplant. Despite standard maintenance dialysis therapy, plasma oxalate typically exceeds the supersaturation threshold of 30 micromol/L during a substantial amount of time between dialysis treatments, thereby increasing the risk and progression of systemic oxalosis. Liver transplantation is the only curative intervention as it corrects the underlying enzymatic defect due to mutations of the AGXT gene. In patients with significant chronic renal disease, renal transplant may also be required. Currently, multiple transplantation strategies are in use and include combined liver-renal transplantation, sequential liver and renal transplantation, isolated liver transplantation, and isolated renal transplantation. However, the optimal transplantation type or sequence remains uncertain. Complications include those due to immunosuppressive therapy (eg, infections or adverse drug effects), secondary malignancy, and failure of allograft.
Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:
Review of Evidence
The clinical development program for lumasiran includes 3 prospective trials. These trials enrolled patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 with varying levels of renal function, with age groups ranging from infant to adult. ILLUMINATE-A (NCT03681184) enrolled patients aged 6 years and older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2, ILLUMINATE-B (NCT03905694) enrolled patients aged less than 6 years old with an eGFR >45 mL/min/1.73 m2 (if ≥12 months old) and ILLUMINATE-C (NCT04152200) enrolled patients with advanced primary hyperoxaluria type 1 irrespective of age with an eGFR ≤30 mL/min/1.73 m2. ILLUMINATE-B has not been published and information was obtained from the prescribing label and FDA review documents.
Randomized Controlled Trials
ILLUMINATE-A is the pivotal phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The study consists of 2 parts: an initial 6-month, double-blind treatment period followed by a 54-month extension period in which placebo patients had an option to switch to lumasiran. At 6 months, the percent change in 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion from baseline to month 6 in the lumasiran group was -65% compared to -12% in the placebo group, resulting in a between-group least square (LS) mean difference of 53% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45 to 62; p<0.0001). The proportion of patients who achieved a 24-hour urinary oxalate level at or below the upper limit of normal (ULN) at month 6 was 52% in the lumasiran group versus 0% in the placebo group (p=0.001). The absolute change in 24-hour urinary oxalate levels in the lumasiran group was -1.24 (95% CI, -1.37 to -1.12) compared to -0.27 (95% CI, -0.44 to -0.10) in the placebo group with a difference of -0.98 (95% CI, -1.18 to -0.78) mmol/24 hr/1.73 m2. Urinary oxalate excretion is a surrogate health outcome and, while it is directly related to the pathophysiology of the disease, ILLUMINATE-A was not powered to assess hard endpoints associated with hyperoxaluria such as renal stones, nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure. Renal stone events was a composite outcome and included at least 1 of the following: visit to healthcare provider because of a renal stone, medication for renal colic, stone passage, or macroscopic hematuria due to a renal stone. Overall, 8 patients (31%) in the lumasiran group and 3 (23%) in the placebo group experienced stone events during the 6-month, placebo-controlled period (13 vs 4 stone events, respectively). Evidence of a treatment effect on kidney stone events was not expected given that calcium oxalate stones are slow to form and pass. The proportion of patients with self-reported stone events at baseline was greater in the lumasiran group versus placebo (89% vs 77%).
Single Arm Prospective Trials
ILLUMINATE-B is the pivotal single-arm trial in infants and children younger than 6 years. The study consists of 2 parts: (a 6 month primary analysis period followed by a 54 month extension period). At 6 months, the % change in spot urinary oxalate:creatinine ratio from baseline to month 6 was -72% in lumasiran-treated patients. When stratified by weight, the percent reduction was 84%, 67%, and 71% among patients <10 kg (n=3), 10 to <20 kg (n=11), and ≥20 kg (n=2), respectively. While ILLUMINATE-B lacked a concurrent control, the magnitude of reduction in urinary oxalate and time course were generally consistent with the findings in ILLUMINATE-A.
Safety
A safety analysis included pooled data from 77 patients (including 56 pediatric patients) from placebo-controlled and open-label clinical studies. Patients ranged in age from 4 months to 61 years at first dose. The median duration of exposure was 9.1 months (range, 1.9 to 21.7 months). Overall, 58 patients were treated for at least 6 months, and 18 patients for at least 12 months. In ILLUMINATE-A, the most common (≥20%) adverse reaction reported was injection site reaction. Injection site reactions occurred throughout the study period and included erythema, pain, pruritus, and swelling. These symptoms were generally mild and resolved within 1 day of the injection and did not lead to discontinuation of treatment. The safety profile in ILLUMINATE-B was similar to that seen in ILLUMINATE-A. As with all oligonucleotides, there is a concern for development of anti-drug antibodies that may neutralize the therapeutic effect of a drug. As per FDA data analysis from across all clinical studies in the lumasiran development program, including patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 and healthy volunteers dosed with lumasiran, 6 of 100 (6%) lumasiran-treated individuals with a mean follow-up duration of 8.9 months tested positive for anti-drug antibodies. No clinically significant differences in the safety, pharmacokinetic, or pharmacodynamic profiles of lumasiran were observed in patients who tested positive for an anti-lumasiran antibody.
The purpose of limitations tables is to display notable limitations identified in each study. This information is synthesized as a summary of the body of evidence following each table and provides the conclusions on the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the position statement. The major limitation is the lack of data on clinical outcomes, such as nephrolithiasis and related complications and loss of kidney function, and patient reported outcomes such as quality of life. Given the rarity of the disease and its slow progression, it would be challenging to detect treatment effects on clinical events in a clinical trial. Use of urinary oxalate as a surrogate for clinical outcomes in the pivotal trials can be justified based on the knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease and the causal role of urinary oxalate in kidney stone formation, nephrocalcinosis, and loss of kidney function. Epidemiologic data demonstrates an association between urinary oxalate and loss of kidney function, particularly in patients with high levels of urinary oxalate. Further observational data from patients treated with pyridoxine or a liver transplant show associations between reductions in urinary oxalate and preservation of kidney function. Further, the consistency and size of treatment effect (more than half of patients receiving lumasiran achieved normal urinary oxalate levels at 6 months of treatment in ILLUMINATE-A) in clinical trials are indicative of the potential for a clinical benefit over the long term. Lastly, while lumasiran was generally well-tolerated in ILLUMINATE-A and -B, the safety database was small and limited in duration.
Section Summary: Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1
The evidence for lumasiran for individuals with primary hyperoxaluria with preserved renal function consists of 1 phase 3 RCT (ILLUMINATE-A) in patients 6 years and older and 1 single arm prospective study (ILLUMINATE-B) in patients 6 years and younger. In both studies, patients with preserved renal function were enrolled (eGFR >30 mL/min/1.73 m2). In ILLUMINATE-A, 39 patients were randomized 2:1 to lumasiran or placebo for 6 months. The primary endpoint was the percent change in 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion from baseline to month 6. The percent reduction in 24-hour urinary oxalate from baseline to month 6 was -65% and -12% in the lumasiran and placebo group, respectively, with a between-group mean difference of 53% (95% CI: 45 to 62%; p<0.0001). A similar effect was seen in patients with high baseline urinary oxalate values, and approximately half of patients receiving lumasiran achieved normal urinary oxalate values by month 6. In ILLUMINATE-B, 18 patients were treated with lumasiran. The primary endpoint was the percent change in spot urinary oxalate-to-creatinine ratio from baseline to month 6. Lumasiran demonstrated a percent reduction in spot urinary oxalate-to creatinine ratio from baseline of -71% (95% CI -77 to -65). The magnitude of the reduction and the time course were consistent with findings in ILLUMINATE-A. The major limitation is the lack of data on clinical outcomes such as renal stones, nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure as both trials were not powered to assess these clinical endpoints. However, use of urinary oxalate as a surrogate for clinical outcomes in the pivotal trials may be justified based on the knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease and the causal role of urinary oxalate in kidney stone formation, nephrocalcinosis, and loss of kidney function.
Further, the consistency and size of treatment effect (more than half of patients receiving lumasiran achieved normal urinary oxalate levels at 6 months of treatment in ILLUMINATE-A) in clinical trials are indicative of the potential for a clinical benefit over the long term. Lastly, while lumasiran was generally well-tolerated in ILLUMINATE-A and -B, the safety database was small and limited in duration. The most common treatment-related adverse events were injection site reactions, which were mild and transient and included erythema, pain, pruritus, or swelling at the injection site.
Summary of Evidence
For individuals with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 with preserved kidney function, the evidence includes 1 phase 3 RCT (ILLUMINATE-A) in patients 6 years and older and 1 single arm prospective study (ILLUMINATE-B) in patients 6 years and younger. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, quality of life, disease-specific survival, change in disease status, treatment-related morbidity, and treatment-related mortality. In both studies, patients with preserved renal function were enrolled (eGFR >30 mL/min/1.73 m2). In ILLUMINATE-A, the percent reduction in 24-hour urinary oxalate from baseline to month 6 was -65% and -12% in the lumasiran and placebo group, respectively, with a between-group mean difference of 53% (95% CI: 45 to 62%; p<0.0001). A similar effect was seen in patients with high baseline urinary oxalate values, and approximately half of patients receiving lumasiran achieved normal urinary oxalate values by month 6. In ILLUMINATE-B, lumasiran demonstrated a percent reduction in spot urinary oxalate-to creatinine ratio from baseline of -71% (95% CI -77 to -65). The magnitude of the reduction and the time course were consistent with findings in ILLUMINATE-A. The major limitation is the lack of data on clinical outcomes such as nephrolithiasis (renal stones), nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure as both trials were not powered to assess these clinical endpoints. However, use of urinary oxalate as a surrogate for clinical outcomes in the pivotal trials may be justified based on the knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease and the causal role of urinary oxalate in kidney stone formation, nephrocalcinosis, and loss of kidney function. Further, the consistency and size of treatment effect (more than half of patients receiving lumasiran achieved normal urinary oxalate levels at 6 months of treatment in ILLUMINATE-A) in clinical trials are indicative of the potential for a clinical benefit over the long term. Lumasiran was generally well-tolerated in ILLUMINATE-A and -B. However, the safety database was small and limited in duration. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.
2022 Update
Annual policy review completed with a literature search using the MEDLINE database through June 2022. No new literature was identified that would prompt a change in the coverage statement.
2023 Update
In a double-blind, phase 3 trial, patients with PH1 who were 6 years of age or older to receive subcutaneous lumasiran or placebo for 6 months (with doses given at baseline and at months 1, 2, 3, and 6) were randomly assigned (in a 2:1 ratio). The primary end point was the percent change in 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion from baseline to month 6 (mean percent change across months 3 through 6). Secondary end points included the percent change in the plasma oxalate level from baseline to month 6 (mean percent change across months 3 through 6) and the percentage of patients with 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion no higher than 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range at month 6.
A total of 39 patients underwent randomization; 26 were assigned to the lumasiran group and 13 to the placebo group. The least-squares mean difference in the change in 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion (lumasiran minus placebo) was -53.5 percentage points (P<0.001), with a reduction in the lumasiran group of 65.4% and an effect seen as early as month 1. The between-group differences for all hierarchically tested secondary end points were significant. The difference in the percent change in the plasma oxalate level (lumasiran minus placebo) was -39.5 percentage points (P<0.001). In the lumasiran group, 84% of patients had 24-hour urinary oxalate excretion no higher than 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range at month 6, as compared with 0% in the placebo group (P<0.001). Mild, transient injection-site reactions were reported in 38% of lumasiran-treated patients.
Lumasiran reduced urinary oxalate excretion, the cause of progressive kidney failure in PH1. The majority of patients who received lumasiran had normal or near-normal levels after 6 months of treatment. (Garrelfs SF, Frishberg Y, Hulton SA, 2021)
2024 Update
Annual policy review completed with a literature search using the MEDLINE database through June 2024. No new literature was identified that would prompt a change in the coverage statement.
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| CPT/HCPCS: | |
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| References: |
Available at https://www.alnylam.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/OXLUMO-Prescribing-Information.pdf. Accessed on March 25, 2021(2021) Application Number: 214103Orig1s000 Integrated Review for NDA 214103 Oxlumo (lumasiran). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2020/214103Orig1s000IntegratedR.pdf. Accessed on March 25, 2021 Bergstralh EJ, Monico CG, Lieske JC, et al.(2010) Transplantation outcomes in primary hyperoxaluria. Am J Transplant. Nov 2010; 10(11): 2493-501. PMID 20849551 Chlebeck PT, Milliner DS, Smith LH.(1994) Long-term prognosis in primary hyperoxaluria type II (L-glyceric aciduria). Am J Kidney Dis. Feb 1994; 23(2): 255-9. PMID 8311084 Cochat P, Deloraine A, Rotily M, et al.(1995) Epidemiology of primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Societe de Nephrologie and the Societe de Nephrologie Pediatrique. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995; 10 Suppl 8: 3-7. PMID 8592622 Cochat P, Hulton SA, Acquaviva C, et al.(2012) Primary hyperoxaluria Type 1: indications for screening and guidance for diagnosis and treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. May 2012; 27(5): 1729-36. PMID 22547750 Cochat P, Koch Nogueira PC, Mahmoud MA, et al.(1999) Primary hyperoxaluria in infants: medical, ethical, and economic issues. J Pediatr. Dec 1999; 135(6): 746-50. PMID 10586179 Cochat P, Rumsby G.(2013) Primary hyperoxaluria. N Engl J Med. Aug 15 2013; 369(7): 649-58. PMID 23944302 Dick PT, Shuckett BM, Tang B, et al.(1999) Observer reliability in grading nephrocalcinosis on ultrasound examinations in children. Pediatr Radiol. Jan 1999; 29(1): 68-72. PMID 9880623 Galanti M, Contreras A.(2010) Excellent renal function and reversal of nephrocalcinosis 8 years after isolated liver transplantation in an infant with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Pediatr Nephrol. Nov 2010; 25(11): 2359-62. PMID 20628764 Garrelfs SF, Frishberg Y, Hulton SA, et al.(2021) Lumasiran, an RNAi Therapeutic for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1. N Engl J Med. Apr 01 2021; 384(13): 1216-1226. PMID 33789010 Garrelfs SF, Frishberg Y, Hulton SA, et.al.(2021) ILLUMINATE-A Collaborators. Lumasiran, an RNAi Therapeutic for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1. N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 1;384(13):1216-1226. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021712. PMID: 33789010. Harambat J, Fargue S, Acquaviva C, et al.(2010) Genotype-phenotype correlation in primary hyperoxaluria type 1: the p.Gly170Arg AGXT mutation is associated with a better outcome. Kidney Int. Mar 2010; 77(5): 443-9. PMID 20016466 Harambat J, Fargue S, Bacchetta J, et al.(2011) Primary hyperoxaluria. Int J Nephrol. 2011; 2011: 864580. PMID 21748001 Hopp K, Cogal AG, Bergstralh EJ, et al.(2015) Phenotype-Genotype Correlations and Estimated Carrier Frequencies of Primary Hyperoxaluria. J Am Soc Nephrol. Oct 2015; 26(10): 2559-70. PMID 25644115 Hoppe B, Beck BB, Milliner DS.(2009) The primary hyperoxalurias. Kidney Int. Jun 2009; 75(12): 1264-1271. PMID 19225556 Hoppe B, Graf D, Offner G, et al.(1996) Oxalate elimination via hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. Aug 1996; 10(4): 488-92. PMID 8865249 Hoppe B, Kemper MJ, Bokenkamp A, et al.(1998) Hoppe B, Kemper MJ, Bokenkamp A, et al. Kidney Int. Sep 1998; 54(3): 921-5. PMID 9734617 Hoppe B, Kemper MJ, Bokenkamp A, et al.(1999) Plasma calcium oxalate supersaturation in children with primary hyperoxaluria and end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int. Jul 1999; 56(1): 268-74. PMID 10411702 Hoppe B, Langman CB.(2003) A United States survey on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of primary hyperoxaluria. Pediatr Nephrol. Oct 2003; 18(10): 986-91. PMID 12920626 Hoppe B.(2015) An update on primary hyperoxaluria. An update on primary hyperoxaluria. Khorsandi SE, Samyn M, Hassan A, et al.(2016) An institutional experience of pre-emptive liver transplantation for pediatric primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Pediatr Transplant. Jun 2016; 20(4): 523-9. PMID 27061278 Kopp N, Leumann E.(1995) Changing pattern of primary hyperoxaluria in Switzerland. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Dec 1995; 10(12): 2224-7. PMID 8808215 Marangella M, Petrarulo M, Cosseddu D, et al.(1992) Oxalate balance studies in patients on hemodialysis for type I primary hyperoxaluria. Am J Kidney Dis. Jun 1992; 19(6): 546-53. PMID 1595703 Marangella M, Petrarulo M, Vitale C, et al.(1991) Serum calcium oxalate saturation in patients on maintenance haemodialysis for primary hyperoxaluria or oxalosis-unrelated renal diseases. Clin Sci (Lond). Oct 1991; 81(4): 483-90. PMID 1657494 Milliner DS, Harris PC, Cogal AG, et al.(2021) Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1. 2002 Jun 19 [Updated 2017 Nov 30]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1283/. Accessed March 25, 2021 Milliner DS.(2005) The primary hyperoxalurias: an algorithm for diagnosis. Am J Nephrol. Mar-Apr 2005; 25(2): 154-60. PMID 15855742 Nolkemper D, Kemper MJ, Burdelski M, et al.(2000) Long-term results of pre-emptive liver transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Pediatr Transplant. Aug 2000; 4(3): 177-81. PMID 10933316 Prescribing Label: OXLUMO (lumasiran) injection, for subcutaneous use. Available at https://www.alnylam.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/OXLUMO-Prescribing-Information.pdf. Accessed on March 25, 2021 Rumsby G, Williams E, Coulter-Mackie M.(2004) Evaluation of mutation screening as a first line test for the diagnosis of the primary hyperoxalurias. Kidney Int. Sep 2004; 66(3): 959-63. PMID 15327387 Rumsby, G.(2021) Primary hyperoxaluria Type 2. Gene Reviews. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=ph2. Accessed March 25, 2021 Sikora P, von Unruh GE, Beck B, et al.(2008) [13C2]oxalate absorption in children with idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis or primary hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int. May 2008; 73(10): 1181-6. PMID 18337715 van Woerden CS, Groothoff JW, Wanders RJ, et al.(2003) Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 in The Netherlands: prevalence and outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. Feb 2003; 18(2): 273-9. PMID 12543880 Zhao F, Bergstralh EJ, Mehta RA, et al.(2016) Predictors of Incident ESRD among Patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria Presenting Prior to Kidney Failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. Jan 07 2016; 11(1): 119-26. PMID 26656319 |
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Group specific policy will supersede this policy when applicable. This policy does not apply to the Wal-Mart Associates Group Health Plan participants or to the Tyson Group Health Plan participants.
CPT Codes Copyright © 2024 American Medical Association. |
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